110 –12, when the poet was in his fifties, and is clearly the work of an impoverished and embittered man who has come down in the world – a hanger-on of wealthy patrons with a chip on his shoulder – but the precise circumstances of Juvenal’s fall from grace are unclear. Book I of the Satires was not published till c. Another states that till middle-age Juvenal practised rhetoric, not for professional reasons but as an amusement, which implies a private income. One ancient Life offers a plausible birth date of AD 55. We know that the family was from Aquinum in Latium near modern Monte Cassino. Much of it comes from Juvenal’s own work. Iunius Iuuenalis) than was once believed – a key source, an inscription naming one Iunius Iuuenalis, refers to a later descendant, not the satirist – and such evidence as there is remains sadly inadequate. THE SIXTEEN SATIRES Less is known about the life of JUVENAL (D.
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